Osteoporosis is a progressive condition characterised by a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD). This happens naturally as the balance between bone being broken down and bone being reformed shifts with age. At a younger age, bone is broken down but reformed at a greater rate. As you get older, bone is broken down faster than it is reformed, leading to a reduced BMD. This increases the risk of osteoporosis, and can be slowed by maintaining good calcium and vitamin D intake.
Symptoms and consequences
The condition can be asymptomatic at first, and may remain so. When pain starts, osteoporotic pain is usually a dull aching bone pain that can become sharp on movement. Reduced BMD means fractures occur at lower force than would otherwise be needed in healthy bone. These fractures are most common in the wrist, hip and spine. Spinal fractures are known as crush fractures. The condition tends to cause increasing pain on standing and walking.
Risk factors
You are at increased risk if:
- There is a family history of osteoporosis
- Calcium intake in your diet is insufficient
- You lead a sedentary lifestyle
- You are underweight
- You are of white or Asian background
- You have been using corticosteroid drugs, cigarettes or alcohol for long periods
- (Women) you had an early menopause
What helps
A calcium-rich diet matters, as does avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol. Once osteoporosis has developed, weight-bearing exercise is necessary to increase BMD. In women, oestrogen replacement therapy can prevent osteoporotic symptoms from worsening. If you are getting dull pain in your bones or muscles, we are happy to assess and discuss what may be contributing.